Resumen
Se compararon, bajo un protocolo común, tres detectores de objetos para el diagnóstico poscosecha en tubérculos: dos arquitecturas de la familia YOLO y un detector basado en transformadores (RF‑DETR). Se empleó un conjunto de datos público de seis clases (cinco patologías y una sana). Las lesiones se anotaron con bounding boxes en Roboflow y se aplicó aumento de datos geométrico y fotométrico. Tras la conversión a COCO para RF‑DETR, se mantuvieron idénticas particiones (train/val/test = 792/56/57), misma resolución (640 px) y el mismo protocolo de entrenamiento (60 épocas con early stopping). La evaluación se realizó exclusivamente en test con precision, recall, mAP@0.50 y mAP@0.50:0.95. En test, YOLOv12 alcanzó P = 78,72 %, R = 96,86 %, mAP@0.50 = 79,36 %, mAP@0.50:0.95 = 73,26 %; YOLOv26 obtuvo P = 79,34 %, R = 96,64 %, mAP@0.50 = 78,48 %, mAP@0.50:0.95 = 73,55 % (según los registros experimentales). RF‑DETR logró P = 70,86 %, R = 88,39 %, mAP@0.50 = 85,61 % y mAP@0.50:0.95 = 82,64 %. Para el tamizado de alta sensibilidad (recall alto), la arquitectura YOLO es más conveniente, mientras que RF‑DETR ofrece localización estricta (mAP superior en 0.50–0.95) y simplifica el posprocesamiento al prescindir de NMS. Un pipeline en dos etapas (YOLO → RF‑DETR) combina velocidad y precisión espacial. Como trabajo futuro, se sugiere calibración por clase y fusión con NIR/HSI para lesiones subepidérmicas.
Citas
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Derechos de autor 2026 Manolo Muñoz Espinoza

